comprehensive history of jainism

Jainism's history is traditionally anchored by the lineage of twenty-four Tīrthaṅkaras, spiritual exemplars who established its teachings and monastic order. The first Tīrthaṅkara, Rishabhanatha, is considered the originator of Jain teachings, while the twenty-fourth, Mahāvīra (6th century BCE), is recognized as the historical founder who revitalized and systematized Jain doctrine. Jainism evolved in the Indian subcontinent alongside other Śramaṇa traditions, emphasizing ahimsa (non-violence), anekāntavāda (multiplicity of viewpoints), and asceticism. Over centuries, Jain communities preserved their teachings through oral transmission and later through scriptures composed in Prakrit and Sanskrit. The religion split into two major sects, Digambara and Śvētāmbara, differing in monastic practices and interpretations of doctrine. Jain philosophy and ethics influenced Indian culture, art, and politics, maintaining a distinct identity while adapting to changing historical contexts. The tradition continues to thrive today, upholding its commitment to spiritual liberation (mokṣa) through disciplined conduct and knowledge.